记忆方法
1、rough 的老根义是"砸碎、撕破"：布料被搞得凹凸不平就是粗糙，rag（破布）是撕碎的产物，ruin（毁坏、废墟）也是这个"塌、碎"根下的亲戚——记住"被砸过、没打磨"，rough 的义项全串上。
2、三个短语：rough draft 草稿，先粗后改；in the rough 未经加工、没完成的状态；rough-and-ready 粗糙但实用，原是军队里的说法。
3、读音陷阱：-gh- 念 f /rʌf/，和 tough（艰苦的）/tʌf/ 一样收 f 音——这组 -ough 结尾按 f 记；它原本的 gh 是喉音，苏格兰地名 loch 里还留着那种声音。
2、三个短语：rough draft 草稿，先粗后改；in the rough 未经加工、没完成的状态；rough-and-ready 粗糙但实用，原是军队里的说法。
3、读音陷阱：-gh- 念 f /rʌf/，和 tough（艰苦的）/tʌf/ 一样收 f 音——这组 -ough 结尾按 f 记；它原本的 gh 是喉音，苏格兰地名 loch 里还留着那种声音。
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词族 · rough
中文词源
rough 粗糙的，粗鲁的，粗野的
来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 PIE*reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。
英语词源
- rough
-
rough: [OE] Rough goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *rūkhwaz, which also produced German rauh and Dutch ruw. Despite the similarity of form and sense, ruffian is not related, and there is no evidence that ruffle is either.
- rough (n.)
- c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.
- rough (adj.)
- Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink").
The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting. - rough (v.)
- late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical:
To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788]
To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866).
权威例句
- 1. The company I work for went through a rough patch.
- 我所在的公司经历了一段困难时期。
- 2. She passed the needle through the rough cloth, back and forth.
- 她一针一针地缝那块粗布。
- 3. A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.
- 一艘捕鱼船和一艘货船在波涛汹涌的海上相撞了。
- 4. All women have a rough time in our society.
- 在我们的社会中，所有女性的日子都不好过。
- 5. His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice.
- 由于多年练习空手道，他的双手粗糙不平，布满老茧。
词语辨析
【preliminary, rough】
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
【hoarse, rough, harsh】
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
【rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse】
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。
preliminary: 初步的，预备的
rough: 粗糙的，大致的
【hoarse, rough, harsh】
这组词都有“嘶哑的，沙哑的”的意思，其区别是：
hoarse: 指嘶哑刺耳的声音，通常因高声喊叫后嗓子失音所致。
rough: 指粗哑难听的声音。
harsh: 一般多指刺耳难听的声音。
【rude, crude, harsh, rough, coarse】
这组词都有“粗糙的”的意思，其区别是：
rude: 指加工粗糙、不精细。也指某人的言行举止粗鲁无礼，缺乏修养。
crude: 主要指未经加工处理尚处于自然状态的物质；也可指人的言行粗鲁。
harsh: 指外表、性质、声音的粗糙、刺耳、刺目，强调使人不愉快的粗糙感。
rough: 普通用词，指某物纹理不精细，或表面凹凸不平，不光滑。
coarse: 指某物质地粗糙低劣或编织、加工等不精细、精巧。也指人的言谈举止粗鲁，不文雅。