gross

将“gross”与“ grouping”联系起来，想象一个“g”像一串珠子，它将不同的“ro”小组（group）组合在一起，形成一个总体，即总体的、总额的或令人不悦的意思，这有助于记忆“gross”表示总体或粗略的。

gross 总的

来自拉丁语grossus, 厚的，粗糙的。可能来自PIE*ghreu, 刮，磨，词源同great. 即刮下来来的粗糙大块状物体，后来指大的，总的。

gross

gross: [14] Gross comes via Old French gros from late Latin grossus ‘large, bulky’, a word of unknown origin (not related to German gross ‘large’). Its association with literal physical size has now largely died out in English, in the face of a growing figurative role in such senses as ‘coarse, vulgar’ and (of amounts) ‘total, entire’. Its use as a noun meaning ‘144’, which dates from the 15th century, comes from the French phrase grosse douzaine ‘large dozen’. Grocer is a derivative, as is engross [14]; this originally meant ‘buy up wholesale’, hence ‘gain exclusive possession of’ and, by metaphorical extension, ‘occupy all the attention of’.
=> engross, grocer

gross (adj.)

mid-14c., "large;" early 15c., "thick," also "coarse, plain, simple," from Old French gros "big, thick, fat; tall; strong, powerful; pregnant; coarse, rude, awkward; ominous, important; arrogant" (11c.), from Late Latin grossus "thick, coarse" (of food or mind), in Medieval Latin "great, big" (source also of Spanish grueso, Italian grosso), a word of obscure origin, not in classical Latin. Said to be unrelated to Latin crassus, which meant the same thing, or to German gross "large," but said by Klein to be cognate with Old Irish bres, Middle Irish bras "big."

Its meaning forked in English. Via the notion of "coarse in texture or quality" came the senses "not sensitive, dull stupid" (1520s), "vulgar, coarse in a moral sense" (1530s). Via notion of "general, not in detail" came the sense "entire, total, whole, without deductions" (early 15c.), as in gross national product (1947). Meaning "glaring, flagrant, monstrous" is from 1580s; modern meaning "disgusting" is first recorded 1958 in U.S. student slang, from earlier use as an intensifier of unpleasant things (gross stupidity, etc.).

gross (n.)

"a dozen dozen," early 15c., from Old French grosse douzaine "large dozen;" see gross (adj.). Earlier as the name of a measure of weight equal to one-eighth of a dram (early 15c.). Sense of "total profit" (opposed to net (adj.)) is from 1520s.

gross (v.)

"to earn a total of," 1884, from gross (adj.) in the "whole, total" sense. Slang meaning "make (someone) disgusted" (usually with out) is from 1971. Related: Grossed; grossing.

1. I only resist things like chocolate if I feel really gross.

我只有在觉得自己胖得很难看的时候才能拒绝巧克力这类东西的诱惑。

2. His gross misman-agement left the company desperately in need of restructuring.

他管理上的重大失误使公司陷入亟须重组的境地。

3. They were found guilty of acts of gross indecency.

他们因存在严重猥亵行为而被判有罪。

4. Interest is paid gross, rather than having tax deducted.

利息是按照总收入给付，未扣除税金。

5. Is reading a child'sdiary always a gross invasion of privacy?

偷看孩子的日记一定是对个人隐私的严重侵犯吗？

【gross, crude, coarse, vulgar】
这组词都有“粗鲁的，粗俗的”的意思，其区别是：
gross: 语气强烈，指粗鲁、无礼貌，令人讨厌。
crude: 与vulgar同义，也指言谈举止粗俗，不文雅，缺乏教养。
coarse: 指缺乏教养，言谈粗俗，举止粗野，可与vulgar换用。
vulgar: 侧重指对听者的冒犯，往往强调粗野，言行、趣味不高，缺乏教养。

【total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all】
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。