Czar

来自俄语，同Caesar.

czar (n.)

1550s, from Russian tsar, from Old Slavic tsesari, from Gothic kaisar, from Greek kaisar, from Latin Caesar. First adopted by Russian emperor Ivan IV, 1547.

The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all Slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Herberstein, Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii, 1549, the chief early source of knowledge as to Russia in Western Europe, whence it passed into the Western Languages generally; in some of these it is now old-fashioned; the usual Ger. form is now zar; French adopted tsar during the 19th c. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the Times newspaper as the most suitable English spelling. [OED]

The Germanic form of the word also is the source of Finnish keisari, Estonian keisar. The transferred sense of "person with dictatorial powers" is first recorded 1866, American English, initially in reference to President Andrew Johnson. The fem. czarina is 1717, from Italian czarina, from Ger. Zarin, fem. of Zar "czar." The Russian fem. form is tsaritsa. His son is tsarevitch, his daughter is tsarevna.

1. He promised to appoint an AIDS czar to deal with the disease.

他许诺任命一位艾滋病大使来应对这种疾病。

2. He had become czar through regicide.

他通过弑君登上了沙皇宝座。

3. The Czar government transported him to Siberia.

沙皇政府把他流放到西伯利亚.

4. The hateful faces of the Czar's officers flared up in her mind.

她的脑海里闪现出一副副沙皇军官的可憎的嘴脸.

5. Carol was sorry to hear that the Czar was coming back.

卡罗尔一听说沙皇要卷土重来,心里很难受.