tribulation

来自拉丁语 tribulare,压制，镇压，折磨，来自 terere,转，刮，摩擦，词源同 turn,throw.-bul, 工具格后缀，词源同 table,tintinnabulation.引申词义忧患，痛苦磨难等。

tribulation

tribulation: [13] Latin trībulum denoted an agricultural implement consisting of a wooden board with sharp stones or metal teeth underneath, used for threshing grain (it was derived from the base *trī-, a variant of *ter- ‘rub’, which also produced English attrition, contrition, detriment, detritus, diatribe, tribadism ‘lesbianism’ [19], and trite).

From this was derived the verb trībulāre ‘press’, which was used by Christian writers for ‘oppress, afflict’. And this sense provoked the derivative trībulātiō ‘affliction’, which passed into English via Old French tribulation.
=> attrition, contrition, detriment, detritus, diatribe, throw, tribadism, trite

tribulation (n.)

c. 1200, from Old French tribulacion (12c.), from Church Latin tribulationem (nominative tribulatio) "distress, trouble, affliction," noun of action from past participle stem of tribulare "to oppress, afflict," a figurative use by Christian writers of Latin tribulare "to press," also possibly "to thresh out grain," from tribulum "threshing sledge," from stem of terere "to rub" (see throw (v.)) + -bulum, suffix forming names of tools.

1. Even in our awful tribulation we were quite optimistic.

即使在极端痛苦时，我们仍十分乐观。

2. Even at this point in our awful tribulation under the German scourge we were quite friendly.

此刻,即便是处在德军蹂躏的极端痛苦中,我们仍然是十分友好的.

3. I hate the tribulation, I commiserate the sorrow brought by tribulation.

我厌恶别人深重的苦难, 怜悯苦难带来的悲哀.

4. Year in and year out, rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation.

年复一年, 从希望中得到欢乐, 在苦难中保持坚韧.

5. Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation. ( John Kennedy, american president )

从希望中得到欢乐, 在苦难中保持坚韧. ( 美国总统肯尼迪 )