shaft

来自古英语 sceaft,杆，柄 ，轴，矛，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaftaz,杆，来自 PIE*skep,削，砍， 词源同 ship,shape.引申词义竖井，井筒。

shaft

shaft: [OE] Shaft is a general Germanic word, shared by German and Dutch schaft and Swedish and Danish skaft. These point back to a common prehistoric ancestor *skaftaz, which may have been descended from the Indo-European base *scap- ‘support’ (source of English sceptre [13]).
=> sceptre

shaft (n.1)

Old English sceaft "long, slender rod, staff, pole; spear-shaft; spear," from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz (cognates: Old Norse skapt, Old Saxon skaft, Old High German scaft, German schaft, Dutch schacht, not found in Gothic), which some connect with a Germanic passive past participle of PIE root *(s)kep- "to cut, to scrape" (source of Old English scafan "to shave, scrape, polish") on notion of "tree branch stripped of its bark." But compare Latin scapus "shaft, stem, shank," Greek skeptron "a staff" (see scepter) which appear to be cognates.

Meaning "beam or ray" (of light, etc.) is attested from c. 1300. Sense of "an arrow" is from c. 1400; that of "a handle" from 1520s. Mechanical sense is from 1680s. Vulgar slang meaning "penis" first recorded 1719 on notion of "columnar part" (late 14c.); hence probably shaft (v.) and the related noun sense "act of unfair treatment" (1959), though some early sources insist this is from the notion of a "wound."

shaft (n.2)

"long, narrow passage sunk into the earth," early 15c., probably from shaft (n.1) on notion of "long and cylindrical," perhaps as a translation of cognate Low German schacht in this sense (Grimm's suggestion, though OED is against it). Or it may represent a separate (unrecorded) development in Old English directly from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz if the original sense is "scrape, dig." The slang sense of shaft (n.1) is punned upon in country music song "She Got the Gold Mine, I Got the Shaft," a hit for Jerry Reed in 1982.

shaft (v.)

"treat cruelly and unfairly," by 1958, perhaps from shaft (n.1) with overtones of sodomy. Related: Shafted; shafting.

1. A brilliant shaft of sunlight burst through the doorway.

一束耀眼的阳光从门口照射进来。

2. The equipment was taken down the shaft in pieces.

该设备被拆卸成几部分送下了井。

3. The prop shaft vibrated like mad and shook the exhaust mounting loose.

支撑杆疯狂地震动，将排气管都震松了。

4. Once the ventilator shaft became blocked, the warehouse quickly filled with fumes.

通风管一旦堵塞, 仓库很快就充满了烟雾.

5. He was wounded by a shaft.

他被箭击中受伤.