refrain

refrain 克制，节制

来自拉丁语 refrenare,勒住马嚼子，勒住，控制，来自 re-,向后，往回，frenare,控制，用绳子 勒住，来自 frenum,缰绳，马勒，来自 PIE*dher,握住，固定，词源同 firm,during.引申词义克 制，节制。

refrain

refrain: Refrain ‘chorus of a song’ [14] and refrain ‘desist’ [14] are different words. The former comes via Old French refrain from Provençal refranh. This was a derivative of the verb refranhar, which went back via Vulgar Latin *refrangere to Latin refringere ‘break off’ (source of English refract [17]). The etymological notion underlying the word is that the chorus of a song ‘breaks off’ and then resumes. Refrain ‘desist’ is descended from Latin refrēnāre ‘hold back’, a compound verb formed from the prefix re- ‘back’ and frēnum ‘bridle’. It reached English via Old French refrener.
=> fraction, refract

refrain (v.)

mid-14c., from Old French refraigner "restrain, repress, keep in check" (12c., Modern French Réfréner), from Latin refrenare "to bridle, hold in with a bit, check, curb, keep down, control," from re- "back" (see re-) + frenare "restrain, furnish with a bridle," from frenum "a bridle." Related: Refrained; refraining.

refrain (n.)

late 14c., from Old French refrain "chorus" (13c.), alteration of refrait, noun use of past participle of refraindre "repeat," also "break off," from Vulgar Latin *refrangere "break off," alteration of Latin refringere "break up, break open" (see refraction) by influence of frangere "to break." Influenced in French by cognate Provençal refranhar "singing of birds, refrain." The notion is of something that causes a song to "break off" then resume. OED says not common before 19c.

1. Rosa's constant refrain is that she doesn't have a life.

罗莎总是重复的一句话就是她没有像样的生活。

2. Please refrain from smoking.

请勿吸烟。

3. I made a terrific effort to refrain from tears.

我狠着心把泪止住.

4. How shall I refrain from tears when we part?

我们分手时,我怎么能抑制住眼泪?

5. Please refrain from smoking during the performance.

演出时请勿吸烟.

【bridle, check, refrain, curb, inhibit, restrain】
这组词都有“阻止、抑制、制止”的意思，其区别是：
bridle: 指抑制住强烈的感情或欲望。
check: 多指阻止前进或继续发展。
refrain: 常指暂时对某种行动或冲动的抑制。
curb: 可指急剧或果断的制止，也可指用严格的方法加以控制。
inhibit: 主要指抑制愿望、情绪或念头，也指制止某物的蔓延。
restrain: 含义广，指用强力或权力去阻止或限制某人做某事。

【constrain, refrain, restrain】
constrain: v.强迫，力劝，是及物动词。
• A law constrains the government from spending more money than it takes in. 法律限制政府开支大于收入。
refrain: v.抑制，禁止，强调抑制一种冲动，是正式用语，为不及物动词，后接介词from。
• Students refrain from smoking in the classroom. 学生们克制住不在教师抽烟。
restrain: v.抑制，约束，指通过管束阻止某事发生，是及物动词，其习惯用法是restrain sb. (sth.) from doing。
• She restrains her dog by walking him on a leash. 溜狗时，她牵着狗来限制它的活动。