hock

来自PIE*kenk,膝弯，脚跟，词源同heel.

来自荷兰语hok,监狱，围栏，狗舍。引申词义欠债，后用于指典当，抵押。

hock

hock: English has three words hock. The oldest, ‘joint of a quadruped corresponding to the human ankle’ [16], is short for an earlier hockshin, which comes from Old English hōhsinu. This meant literally ‘heel-sinew’, and the hōh came from the same prehistoric Germanic source as produced modern English heel. In its original sense it can also be spelled hough, but for ‘joint of bacon’, first recorded in the 18th century, hock is the only spelling. Hock ‘Rhinewine’ [17] is short for an earlier hockamore, an anglicization of Hochheimer (Hochheim, on the river Main, is a centre of German wine production). Hock ‘pawn, debt’ [19] comes from Dutch hok ‘prison’, hence ‘debt’; it was introduced to English by Dutch immigrants in the USA.

The -hock of hollyhock, incidentally, comes from Old English hoc ‘mallow’ (and the holly- is an alteration of holy, and has no connection with holly).
=> heel

hock (n.1)

"joint in the hind leg of a horse," mid-15c., earlier hockshin (late 14c.), from Old English hohsinu "sinew of the heel, Achilles' tendon," literally "heel sinew," from hoh "heel," from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (cognates: German Hachse "hock," Old English hæla "heel"), from PIE *kenk- (3) "heel, bend of the knee."

hock (n.2)

"Rhenish wine," 1620s, shortening of Hockamore, from German Hochheimer, "(wine) of Hochheim," town on the Main where wine was made; sense extended to German white wines in general.

hock (n.3)

"pawn, debt," 1859, American English, in hock, which meant both "in debt" and "in prison," from Dutch hok "jail, pen, doghouse, hutch, hovel." The verb is 1878, from the noun.

When one gambler is caught by another, smarter than himself, and is beat, then he is in hock. Men are only caught, or put in hock, on the race-tracks, or on the steamboats down South. ... Among thieves a man is in hock when he is in prison. [G.W. Matsell, "Vocabulum," 1859]

1. Even company directors on £100,000 a year can be deeply in hock to the banks.

即便是年薪10万英镑的公司董事也可能欠银行很多债。

2. It is almost impossible for the prime minister to stand above the factions. He always seems in hock to one or another.

总理想要不受各派系的影响几乎是不可能的。他好像总是为某一派所牵制。

3. It was spring, and our padded clothes had just been placed in hock.

这是个春天, 我们的棉衣都刚脱下来就人了当铺.

4. Place bandage several inches below the horse's knee or hock to begin.

在马前膝盖或跗关节下方几英尺处开始打绑腿.

5. The company was heavily in hock to the banks.

这家公司欠了银行大笔借款.