grind

来自PIE*ghrendh, 磨，来自*ghreu的鼻音形式，词源同grit, grist.

grind

grind: [OE] Grind is part of the ancient Indo- European word-stock. Relatives such as Latin frendere ‘crush’ and Lithuanian grendu ‘rub’ point back to an Indo-European *ghrendh-. This perhaps denoted ‘crushing’ rather than what we would today call ‘grinding’; for in earliest times grain was crushed rather than ground to produce meal. The connotations of the word seem to have changed in step with advances in grainpulverizing technology. (The same is true, incidentally, in the case of Indo-European *mel-, which produced the majority of modern European words for ‘grind’, from German mahlen and Spanish moler to Russian molot’, and also gave English meal, mill, molar, etc.) Grist [OE] was formed from the same base as produced grind, and until the 15th century meant simply ‘grinding’.
=> grist

grind (v.)

Old English grindan "to rub together, crush into powder, grate, scrape," forgrindan "destroy by crushing" (class III strong verb; past tense grand, past participle grunden), from Proto-Germanic *grindanan (cognates: Dutch grenden), related to ground, from PIE *ghrendh- "to grind" (cognates: Latin frendere "to gnash the teeth," Greek khondros "corn, grain," Lithuanian grendu "to scrape, scratch"). Meaning "to make smooth or sharp by friction" is from c. 1300. Most other Germanic languages use a verb cognate with Latin molere (compare Dutch malen, Old Norse mala, German mahlen).

grind (n.)

late Old English, "the gnashing of teeth;" c. 1200, "the act of chewing or grinding," from grind (v.). The sense "steady, hard, tedious work" first recorded 1851 in college student slang (but compare gerund-grinder, 1710); the meaning "hard-working student, one who studies with dogged application" is American English slang from 1864. Slang meaning "sexual intercourse" is by 1893.

1. The daily grind of government is done by Her Majesty's Civil Service.

枯燥的日常政务都由女王陛下的政府行政部门来处理。

2. There are people who want to humiliate you and grind you down.

有一些人会想要让你难堪，欺负你。

3. Life continues to be a terrible grind for the ordinary person.

生活对于平头百姓而言依然是理不清的琐事。

4. The grind of heavy machines could get on their nerves.

重型机器发出的刺耳的摩擦声会让他们心烦意乱。

5. Would you please grind a pound of coffee for me?

请给我磨一磅咖啡好 吗 ?